MOUNT ELGON NATIONAL PARK: THE SPOT OF WATERFALLS

Mount Elgon National Park is located in eastern Uganda, on the slopes of Mount Elgon, approximately 235 km from Kampala. Covering 1,279 square kilometers, the park lies along the Uganda-Kenya border, serving as a natural boundary between the two countries. It is surrounded by eight districts: Kween, Manafwa, Kapchorwa, Mbale, Bududa, Sironko, Bukwo, and Bulambuli.

The Ugandan side of the park was first designated as a forest reserve in 1938 and managed by the Forestry Department as Mount Elgon Crown Forest. It was later upgraded to a central forest reserve in 1951. In 1994, the reserve was officially designated as a national park to preserve its historical significance and protect its declining flora and fauna.

Mount Elgon National Park is uniquely divided along the Uganda-Kenya border and is home to the Bagisu and Sebei ethnic groups, who settled on the slopes of Mount Elgon. The Bagisu are particularly known for their Imbalu tradition, a male circumcision ceremony that marks the transition from boyhood to manhood.

Mount Elgon is believed to have derived its name from the Elgonyi people, a small ethnic group that once lived on its lower western slopes in Kenya. Indigenous communities had their own names for the mountain. The Bagisu (Bamasaba) of Uganda called it Masaba, after their founding ancestor, while the Sebei (Sabaot) of Kenya, a Kalenjin subgroup, also referred to it as Masaba or Elgonyi.

Some oral traditions suggest that the name Elgon originated from a language barrier between European explorers and the Benet (Robo) people, who lived on the mountain’s northeastern slopes. According to this tradition, when explorers asked the locals about the mountain’s name, they misunderstood the question and responded with “el kwon,” supposedly meaning “people living on the mountains.” Over time, this was believed to have evolved into Elgon. However, there is no strong historical or linguistic evidence to support this claim, and no proof that the Benet (Robo) people originally used the term “el kwon” in reference to the mountain.

While oral accounts suggest that Mount Elgon was named during early European exploration in 1883, historical records indicate that the name was already in use among local communities, particularly the Elgonyi people of Kenya. European explorers, including Joseph Thomson, later adopted and popularized the name, leading to its official recognition.

Biodiversity of Mount Elgon National Park

Vegetation 

 The park is home to over 400 plant species, including towering mahogany trees and African bamboo, which play a vital role in supporting diverse wildlife and maintaining the park’s ecosystem.

Mount Elgon National Park features a rich variety of vegetation that changes with altitude. The lower slopes, up to 2,500 meters, are dominated by dense montane forests with tree species such as Elgon olive and Aningeria. As the elevation increases to between 2,500 and 3,000 meters, bamboo forests become more prominent, creating a unique ecological zone. Above 3,000 meters, the vegetation transitions into heath and moorland, where giant heathers, lobelias, and senecios thrive. 

Fauna and Flora

Mount Elgon National Park is home to a variety of mammal species, with elephants, buffaloes and antelopes commonly found on the lower slopes, while mountain duikers inhabit the higher afro-alpine zones. At the base of the Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve, carnivores such as cheetahs, leopards, and smaller wild cats, including genets and civets, are more active during the night.

The park also hosts specific antelope species, such as the roan antelope-found only in Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve in Uganda—the eland, Jackson’s hartebeest, and other mammals like hyenas.

Primate species are abundant, with black-and-white colobus monkeys, red-tailed monkeys, and blue monkeys commonly seen in the forested areas. Other primates include silver baboons, blue-faced monkeys, and grey-cheeked mangabeys, all of which contribute to the park’s rich biodiversity.

Mount Elgon National Park and Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve are both exceptional destinations for birdwatchers due to their rich biodiversity. Mount Elgon, with its variety of habitats from forests to moorlands, is a haven for over 300 bird species, including the striking Jackson’s Francolin and the rare Lammergeier. The park is a great spot for both resident and migratory birds, making it a must-visit for enthusiasts.

On the other hand, Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve, one of the largest birding areas in Uganda, is home to over 240 species. Birds like the Karamoja Apalis, Abyssinian Ground Hornbill, and the elusive Secretary Bird are often seen here. The reserve’s open plains are particularly known for the impressive sight of large flocks of Common Ostriches. Notably, the Fox’s Weaver, Uganda’s only endemic bird, is often seen in the wetland areas of this reserve, making it an essential destination for those seeking rare bird species.

Together, these two sites offer a diverse and rich birdwatching experience, perfect for those looking to explore Uganda’s avian treasures.

Attractions at Mount elgon National Park

Mount Elgon National Park offers a wealth of natural wonders, making it a top destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers. Its captivating landscape features everything from towering cliffs and scenic caves to dramatic waterfalls and geothermal hot springs.

Among the highlights are the expansive Kitum Cave, where wildlife such as elephants come to mine salt from the walls, and the stunning Sipi Falls, which cascades down in multiple tiers, providing breathtaking views and opportunities for outdoor activities like hiking and abseiling.

The park’s geological wonders also include one of the largest calderas in the world, stretching over 8 kilometers in diameter, with hot springs and gorges nestled within. The mountain’s rich ecosystems are home to diverse flora and fauna, including endemic species and various birdlife. Visitors can also explore historical sites like the Kapkwai Caves, significant to the local Sebei tribe’s traditions.

For those who venture to the peak, the views from Wagagai Peak at 4,321 meters above sea level are unmatched. Whether you’re interested in hiking, wildlife watching, or simply soaking in the unique beauty of the area, Mount Elgon is an unforgettable destination.

Accommodation near Mount Elgon National Park

Mount Elgon National Park and Mbale offer a variety of accommodation options for all budgets. Near the park, you can stay at Sipi River Lodge, Masha Hotel, Noah’s Ark Hotel, or Chebonet Hotel.

In Mbale, options include Mbale Resort Hotel, Mountains of the Moon Hotel, Forest View Hotel, Eagle’s Nest Hotel, and others. Dining at these places features local Ugandan dishes like Malewa, Luwombo, and Muchomo, alongside international cuisine.

What to do at Mount Elgon National Park

Visitors to Mount Elgon National Park can look forward to a wide variety of activities that offer both adventure and a deep connection with nature. 

Hiking 

Hiking to Wagagai Peak (4,321 m), the highest point on Mount Elgon, offers an unforgettable trekking experience, with routes ranging from the steep Sasa Trail (3–4 days) to the scenic Sipi Trail (4–6 days) and the gentle Piswa Trail (6–7 days). Each route takes adventurers through diverse landscapes, from dense montane forests and bamboo zones to vast moorlands, showcasing Mount Elgon’s unique ecosystems and breathtaking scenery.

Nature walk/Forest walk

Mount Elgon National Park offers scenic nature walks through its diverse landscapes, from lush montane forests to bamboo zones and moorlands. Visitors can spot wildlife such as colobus monkeys, blue monkeys, and various bird species, including the Hartlaub’s turaco and Tacazze sunbird. Guided walks from Kapkwai Forest Exploration Centre lead to stunning waterfalls, caves, and viewpoints, providing an immersive experience in the park’s rich biodiversity and cultural heritage.

Rock climbing

Rock climbing near Mount Elgon, particularly in the Sipi area, offers an exciting adventure for thrill-seekers The activity provides breathtaking views of Sipi Falls and the surrounding landscapes, making it a rewarding experience. Equipment is available for hire from local guides, ensuring a safe and memorable climb.

Mountain biking

Mountain biking around Mount Elgon, especially in the Sipi area, offers an exhilarating way to explore the region’s breathtaking landscapes. Cyclists can ride along scenic trails that pass through lush coffee plantations, rolling hills, and stunning waterfalls like Sipi Falls.

This adventure provides a unique blend of cultural encounters and nature exploration, making it a must-try activity for outdoor enthusiasts. Bikes can be rented locally, and guided tours are available for those seeking an immersive experience.

Community visits 

Tourists visiting Mount Elgon National Park can engage with the Bagisu and Sabiny communities, immersing themselves in unique cultural traditions. The Bagisu are renowned for their Imbalu circumcision ceremony, a significant rite of passage accompanied by vibrant music and dance. Visitors can also explore Arabica coffee farms, learning about traditional coffee-growing and processing techniques.

The Sabiny community offers insights into local weaving, culinary traditions, and handcrafted souvenirs, providing a deeper understanding of their way of life. Additionally, tourists can experience Malewa, a traditional dish made from bamboo shoots, and even learn how to prepare it. Traditional dances and music performances further enrich the experience, showcasing the region’s vibrant heritage.

Engaging with these communities not only offers an authentic cultural experience but also supports local livelihoods and helps preserve the rich identity of the people around Mount Elgon.

Cave experience

The park is famous for its caves, such as Kitum Cave and Wanale Cave, where travelers can marvel at the natural salt deposits that attract elephants and other wildlife. If you’re an adventurer at heart, there are opportunities for rock cycling and abseiling near Sipi Falls. Whether you’re interested in outdoor adventures, cultural immersion, or simply enjoying the breathtaking landscape, Mount Elgon offers an unforgettable experience.

Accessing Mount Elgon National Park

By road,

Mount Elgon National Park is accessible via multiple routes. From Kampala, travelers can take the Jinja-Mbale highway to Mbale, covering approximately 235 kilometers in 4 to 5 hours. From Mbale, the journey continues on a murram road for 54 kilometers to the park’s headquarters at Kapkwai.

 For visitors coming from northern Uganda, such as Kidepo Valley, the journey involves traveling along the Soroti-Mbale road to reach Mbale and then continuing along the muram road. 

Travelers from Kenya can access the park via the Eldoret-Kitale Highway  to either Kitale or Eldoret and then drive to the park’s entrances. The roads are mostly well maintained, but some unpaved trails may require a 4×4 vehicle, especially during the rainy season.

Accessing Mount Elgon National Park by Air

For a faster and more convenient journey, travelers can opt for air travel to airstrips near Mount Elgon National Park.

From Kenya,

Kisumu International Airport (Kenya): Flights from Entebbe International Airport to Kisumu take approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. From Kisumu it is about a 50-minute drive to the park.

Eldoret International Airport (Kenya): Located around 70 kilometers from the park, Eldoret provides another accessible entry point for visitors traveling by air.

Within Uganda, Aerolink Uganda and BAR Aviation operate domestic flights to various locations. However, direct flights to airstrips near Mount Elgon National Park are currently limited. Visitors may need to arrange charter flights or make connecting flights through regional airports.

Upon arrival, travelers can book ground transfers through tour operators or accommodations for a seamless journey to the park. To ensure a smooth trip, it is advisable to check with airlines and tour companies for updated flight schedules and transport arrangements.